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Fish and fisheries

Generalinvisible spacer|invisible spacerIEEP reportsinvisible spacer|invisible spacerLife Cycle Assessmentsinvisible spacer|invisible spacer Climate change

In the list below, icons of PDFs, Word documents and report covers will, where available, link to the relevant report/information. Links within the text will also link to relevant webpages as well as to PDFs etc.

General invisible spacer graphicBack to top

Click to go to the Fisheries Secretariat website The Fisheries Secretariat is a good source of information on the environmental issues associated with fishing. See in particular the discussion papers arising from the Conference on sustainable EU fisheries held on 8-9 November 2004. The Production discussion paper has information relating to energy use through the fish life cycle.
Added: 11.10.07 Fisheries 2027 – a long-term vision for sustainable fisheries.

This report, published by Defra in Autumn 2007, aims to:

  • explain the changes in fisheries and fisheries management over the past thirty years and what Defra is are now trying to achieve;
  • set out the balance it will strike between economic, social and environmental priorities;
  • clarify, through nine vision statements, what Defra thinks is needed to deliver sustainability;
  • identify the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders in achieving sustainability;
  • summarise the economic, social and environmental benefits and costs of delivering the vision.

You can read the document here.

Added: 19.7.07

Click to open PDF document

Fish to 2020: Supply and Demand in Changing Global markets

Published by the International Food Research Policy Institute and the World Fish Centre this book projects the likely changes in the fisheries sector over the next two decades. As prices for most food commodities fall, fish prices are expected to rise, reflecting demand for fish that outpaces the ability of the world to supply it. The model shows that developing countries will consume and produce a much greater share of the world’s fish in the future, and trade in fisheries commodities will also increase. The authors show the causes and implications of these and other changes, and argue for specific actions and policies that can improve outcomes for the poor and for the environment.

The book (226 pages) can be downloaded here. Alternatively see here for a 36 page briefing paper on the issue or here for a 6 page summary.

Click to open the report PDF Like shooting fish in a barrel

Published by Sustain, this report outlines the health pros and cons of eating fish. It summarises the environmental damage caused by both industrial fishing and fish farming, and argues that there are serious contradictions in government fish policy at both UK and EU level.

To see the full selection of Sustain publications visit the Sustain website.

  Peter Tydemers from Dalhousie University has researched the energy impacts of commercial fisheries. See for example:

Tyedmers, P. (2004) Fisheries and Energy Use, Cleveland, C. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Energy. Academic Press/Elsevier Science. Vol.2.

Tyedmers, P. (2001) Energy Consumed by North Atlantic Fisheries, in Zeller, D., R. Watson, and D. Pauly (eds.), Fisheries Impacts on North Atlantic Ecosystems: Catch, effort and national/regional datasets, Fisheries Centre Research Reports 9(3), 12-34

  A paper by Tyedmers P., Watson R. and Pauly D. Fuelling Global Fishing Fleets, published in Ambio calculates that fisheries account for about 1.2% of global oil consumption and directly emit over 130 million tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere. It also calculates that the energy content of the fuel burned by global fisheries is 12.5 times larger than the edible protein energy content of the resulting catch – an efficiency ratio which is nevertheless still greater than that of land-based animal protein. This paper (and the other ones by Tyedmers) also find a correlation between energy scarcity and species scarcity – in other words, the highest value, most endangered marine species such as tuna and cod, are those which are most energy-intensive to harvest.
Click to open PDF document Fresh salmon from Norway to Japan - a case study of a global supply chain

This paper (Petersen and Drewes Nielsen in World Transport Policy and Practice, volume 10 no.3) takes a close look at the transport decision-making which contributes to the indirect route taken by the salmon on its journey from Norway to Japan.

IEEP Reports invisible spacer graphicBack to top

Click to open PDF document Managing Europe's inshore fisheries: harnessing the new European Fisheries Fund Published: Jan 01, 2005 – Author: Clare Coffey

The overall goal of this report is to enable decision-makers, fisheries managers and other practitioners, to harness the potential of the EFF for inshore waters. The report begins by placing the unique qualities and role of inshore waters and their fisheries in the context of the EU, then addresses the challenges facing the emerging EFF for promoting the sustainable development of the inshore sector. Opportunities arising from the proposed EFF are defined in relation to past aid with FIFG, which, it is argued, is failing to counteract the special pressures on inshore waters or cater positively for their special attributes. Specific funding needs of the inshore sector are identified and measured against the capacity of the EFF to deliver for them. Overall, the analysis is intended to help shape the EFF proposal. It should also assist Member States and regional managers to maximise the opportunities for inshore waters afforded by the EFF once it is adopted, given that they will have considerable latitude in how they deploy the available funds.

Click to open PDF document Analysis of the Legal and Institutional Policies relating to the South West
Published: Oct 10, 2004 – Authors: James Brown, Clare Coffey

The report commissioned by IEEP for Invest in Fish South West reviews fisheries management options within the current international, EU and UK legislation.

Click to open PDF document Sustainable Development and the EC Fisheries Sector
Published: Jan 01, 1999 Author: Clare Coffey

The purpose of this report is to set out some critical issues for the EC fisheries sector from an environmental perspective, and to contribute ideas to the development of alternative policies and management approaches. Chapter 2 provides an analysis of relevant environmental issues and policies, followed in Chapter 3 by an outline of the European fisheries sector. The main structure and workings of the Common Fisheries Policy are detailed and analysed from an environmental perspective in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 looks at the impending review of the fish stock conservation and management policy in the run up to the year 2002 and discusses some options for realigning European fisheries policy towards the goal of sustainable development.

Click to open PDF document INDECO: A review of the current management framework - Policy objectives
for which indicators are needed.

Published: May 01, 2005 – Authors: James Brown , Dirk Reyntjens

This report constitutes deliverable number 4 of the INDECO project. The aim of the report is to identify the policy objectives for which indicators are needed as a tool to measure effectiveness. INDECO is a Sixth Research Framework Programme on the 'Development of Indicators of Environmental Performance of the Common Fisheries Policy'.

Click to open PDF document

INDECO: Indicators - An Overview Internal Paper for Discussion.
Published: Apr 01, 2005 – Authors: James Brown , Dirk Reyntjens

This note was prepared as a follow-up on the INDECO kick-off meeting on 15.12.2004. It is not intended to be an exhaustive literature review. Rather its function is to assist in forging an agreement on terminology and definitions; conceptual frameworks; and criteria for indicator selection.

Click to open PDF document INDECO: Review of the Usage of Socio-economic Indicators on the
Environmental Impact of Fishing Activities

Published: Jun 04, 2005 – Authors: Helene Rey-Valette , Clotilde Bodiguel , Steve Cunningham , Poul Degnbol , Troels Jacob Hegland , Sten Sverdrup-Jensen , Robert Alps

This report constitutes deliverable number 8 of the INDECO project. The aim of the report is to review the usage of socio-economic indicators on the environmental impact of fishing activities. INDECO is a Sixth Research Framework Programme on the 'Development of Indicators of Environmental Performance of the Common Fisheries Policy'.

Life cycle assessments invisible spacer graphicBack to top

Added: 19.7.07 The environmental organisation Ecotrust is running a project entitled Life-Cycle Assessment of Salmon Fisheries and Aquaculture in the North-East Pacific (LCA). This project invesigates the quantitative, life cycle environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with the provision of salmon for human consumption from the North-East Pacific.

Research is being undertaken in partnership with Dalhousie University and the Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology. Also, only the first phase focused on the Northeast Pacific. Several publications from this phase are in prep, review or press. The current phase extends the analysis to encompass farmed salmon production in Europe and Chile as well. All findings will be publicly available.

  A paper by Hospido and Tyedmers (Hospido A and Tyedmers P Life cycle environmental impacts of Spanish tuna fisheries, Fisheries Research 76 (2005) 174–186) studies the environmental impact of the Spanish tuna fishing industry. Taking a life cycle approach it looks at the industry’s affect on a range of environmental indicators, including its GWP, up to the point at which the fish are landed at Galicia. As with other studies, it is clear that the use and maintenance of the fishing vessels account for the vast majority of emissions. The authors look at catches from the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific and finds that Pacific ocean tuna catches are responsible for the greatest GHG emissions because of the additional transport required to bring them to port at Galicia. Finally the study models two scenarios to quantify what environmental benefits might ensue from improving tuna abundance and availability. The models found that efforts to rebuild stocks, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean would not only help reverse the decline of aquatic ecosystems but could result in improvements in the environmental performance of the Spanish tuna fishery.
  References to other work by Tyedmers can be found on his web page.
  Although transport is clearly a major issue in the life cycle of some fish products the paper: An Life Cycle Assessment of Frozen Cod Fillets Including Fishery-Specific Environmental Impacts, Friederike Ziegler, Per Nilsson, Berit Mattsson and Yvonne Walther, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 8 (1) 39 – 47 (2003) finds that the actual fishing stage of the life cycle is by far and away the most signficant from a GHG emissions perspective. Transport and preparation in the household featured as the most critical stages after this.

Climate change invisible spacer graphicBack to top

Added: 25.01.08  Impact of climate change on the marine environment

The Marine Climate Impacts Partnership has published its latest annual report card. The report card aims to address/summarise the following:

  • What is the current state of scientific understanding of marine climate change in our oceans and seas?
  • What changes have been observed and what could happen in the future?
  • How much of this is hard fact and how much is interpretation?

A few key observations are as follows:

  • 2006 was the second warmest year for UK coastal waters since records began in 1870; with seven of the 10 warmest years in the last decade.
  • Warmer winters have been strongly linked to reduced breeding success and survival in some seabird populations.
  • Models predict fewer storms in future but there will be increased numbers of severe storms.
  • Coastal erosion and flooding is expected to increase.
  • The impacts of climate change on the commercial services provided by our seas will be significant. Sea-level rise, coastal flooding, storms and bigger waves will affect ports, shipping and built structures. Fishing and fish farming will be affected by temperature change and plankton (prey) availability.

Specifically on fish: The impact of climate change on commercial and other fish stocks is not yet clear but may be influenced by temperature rises, increased ocean acidity (due to more CO2 dissolved in water). Observations of trends to date state with medium confidence that excessive fishing pressure over many decades may have resulted in fish populations less able to ‘buffer’ against occasional poor year classes and the impacts of natural climate variability. Distribution shifts and modifications of fish behaviour as a result of temperature changes, may be affecting the vulnerability of certain fish stocks to fishing fleets.

As for the future it is possible to state this (with medium confidence): In the short term, climate change will have little influence on fish stock recovery, which depends instead upon reducing fishing effort to allow existing year classes to survive to maturity. Long-term climate change may affect the overall productivity of fish stocks in a given area. Some species may be adversely affected leading to reductions in sustainable yield whilst others, for example seabass, red mullet and John Dory, may be positively affected leading to enhanced fishing opportunities.

Added 16.01.08

Fisheries and climate change

The Institute of European Environmental Policy European has recently published its 19th edition of El Anzuelo, a newsletter focusing on fisheries and the environment. The focus of this edition is on climate change, fisheries and the marine environment.